Biology Is Love

  MTT Assay Principle : The MTT assay provides a readout of cell viability & growth that works by measuring cell metabolic activity. The yellow tetrazolium MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) is reduced by the metabolically active cells, by the action of dehydrogenase enzymes, to produce reducing equivalents such as NADH and NADPH. The resulting intracellular purple formazan can be solubilized and quantified by spectrophotometric means at 570nm. MTT is sensitive to light. This assay should be performed in the dark. The MTT assay measures,  cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity.

The Basic steps of the cell-reviving process   1)   Cryopreserved Cells [with DMSO (Dimethyl sulfoxide)] were collected from the -80°C. 2)  Then the cells were thawed rapidly in the water bath at 37 °C for 30-45 sec to protect the cells from DMSO. 3)  The cells were transferred into a 15 ml falcon which already contains 6 ml of media [DMEM (Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle Medium) + 10% FBS (Foetal Bovine Serum) + 1X penicillin-streptomycin solution]. 4)  The centrifugation was performed at 1100 rpm for 5 minutes. 5)  The Supernatant was discarded in the beaker containing a small amount of bleach and water.  The pellet was collected. 6) T he pellet was washed with media to remove the trace of DMSO. 7)  The cells are resuspended in 1 ml of media.   8)  The cells were transferred to the T-25 flask which already contains 4 ml of media.  9)  Finally, the cells were observed under the microscope and kept in the incubator at 37°...

  UNIT 1 pH concept amino acid properties Ramachandran plot Km and Vmax Inhibition Kinetics Enzymatic degradation of Protein Structure and function of DNA and RNA Super coiling Cofactor and Coenzyme Protein Structure (alpha-helix and beta-sheet and tern) UNIT 2 Chromatin and Nucleosome Function of all organelle Transport across membrane Lipid Raft Protein trafficking Endocytosis and phagocytosis Cell division (Check Points) Membrane Cell junction Rb and P53 gene in cancer CDK and Cyclin UNIT 3 Structure and Function of DNA Polymerase in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell Structure and Function of RNA Polymerase in Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cell Replication Transcription Translation UNIT 4 Entry of virus in different host Pathogen-mediated disease GPCR, RTK, cell signaling pathway Cell communication, adhesion, and junction Cancer genes

  Keto diet: How does this diet work: The establishment of the keto diet is if glucose (the simplest form of carbohydrate as well as the main source of energy in every animal) is deprived, which is gained by consuming carbs. The ketones are a substitution of glucose, which is synthesized from stored fat. Hence, the name is ketogenic. The neurocytes (The brain cells) need glucose approximately 120 grams per day because these cells cannot store glucose. When a person is fasting or consumes very little carbohydrates, at first the body pulls glucose from the liver and muscle glycogen. Glycogen breaks down from the liver and muscle into glucose through glycogenolysis by the influence of the hormone glucagon. During this time the level of insulin gets decreased in the blood. The body starts utilizing fat as its primary fuel. When formed ketone bodies begin to accumulate in the organs as well as in the blood, the condition is called ketosis. Mild ketosis is usually experienced by e...

  Cyanide in Apple!! 🍏 Apple 🍎seeds are often regarded as a healthy snack that is packed with numerous nutritional benefits. However, there is a concern that apple seeds contain cyanide, a toxic substance that can cause harm to the human body. In this article, we will discuss the truth behind apple seeds containing cyanide, how much cyanide is present, and whether eating apple seeds is safe or not. The truth behind apple seeds containing cyanide Apple seeds contain a small amount of cyanide, which is a poisonous chemical compound that can be harmful to the body if ingested in large amounts. The cyanide is present in the form of amygdalin, which is a glycoside that is found in the seeds of various fruits, including apples. When apple seeds are crushed or chewed, amygdalin is released and can be converted into hydrogen cyanide, a poisonous gas. How much cyanide is present in apple seeds? The amount of cyanide present in apple seeds varies depending on the variety of apple and the ...

ACCOMMODATION REFLEX -Souti Das   The process by which the curvature of the lens is increased is called accommodation. It is sometimes referred as near response too, i.e, adjustment of visual apparatus from distant vision to near vision. For this adjustment three changes occur: (i) Constriction of pupils (ii) Increased curvature of the anterior surface of the lens (iii) Convergence of the eyeballs. PATHWAY- Retina ↓ Occipital cortex (area 17) ↓ Association fibres ↓ Frontal eye field (area 8) ↓ Internal capsule ↓ Midbrain ↓ 3rd nerve nucleus of both side (i) Extraocular muscle (medial rectus)      (ii) Parasympathetic pathway ↓ Eye (Pupils + Ciliary body) MECHANISM OF ACCOMMODATION REFLEX- During accommodation, initially, the image is formed behind the retina, which is then focussed sharply on the retina through the following changes- (i) Pupillary constriction occurs due to parasympathetic activity from the Edinger- Westphal nucleus (a part of the 3rd nerve nuc...

 Process of lactation/lactogenesis - Souti Das To provide milk to neonates, at the end of pregnancy around the time when the young is born, the mammary glands undergo a process that initiates milk secretion, called lactogenesis. The human mammary gland is composed of about 20 lobes, each with an excretory lactiferous duct that opens at the nipple. Loves, in turn, are composed of several lobules, which contains secretory structures called alveoli, and the terminal portions of the ducts. The epithelia of the alveoli and ducts are composed of apical luminal ductal or alveolar cells and a myoepithelial cell layer on the basal side of the epithelium. Myoepithelial cells are stellate, smooth muscle-like cells, and contraction of these cells in response to oxytocin expel milk from the lumina of the alveoli and ducts. Source: White and Porterfield  4th Edition     Lactogenesis has two main phases. The initiation phase (Lactogenesis I) is characterized by increased express...

ASTRAZENECA - A HOPE FOR COVID 19 VACCINE - Souti Das  ASTRAZENECA Do you know that it is not the name of the vaccine ; it is the company sponsored behind the vaccine design. Okay let‟s get into this. The company was founded in 1999 (6th April 1999) through the merger of the Swedish Astra AB (formed in mid 1890s) and the British Zeneca (formed in 1993) Group. Current CEO-   Pascal Soriot (1st Oct 2012- present)  Chairperson-   Leif Johansson Today, AstraZeneca is working actively over 100 different countries and employs over 57,200 people – 46% in Europe, 31% in the Americas and 23% in Asia-Pacific. Its mission is “ to make a meaningful difference to patient health through great medicines that bring benefit for patients and add value for our stakeholders and society ”  In 2010 AstraZeneca realized the market need that they should make bold changes to increase „success factor‟ by in-depth R&D result. As a result, they launched the „5R framework‟, which bas...

COTARD'S SYNDROME (COTARD'S DELUSION) - Eishika Das Figure 1  History:  Named after Jules Cotard (1840-1889), a Parisian neurologist, psychiatrist, and surgeon who received his medical doctorate in 1868 from the University of Paris and worked at the Hospice de la Salpétriére under Jean Martin Charcot. In June 1880, he described a report of Mademoiselle X, a 43 years woman who believed she had no brain, no nerves, no chest, no stomach, no intestine and was nothing more than a decomposing body. As she could not die a natural death, and that she did not need food, for she was eternal and would live forever. What the disease is?  Cotard's syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric condition characterized by anxious melancholia, delusions of non-existence concerning one's own body to the extent of delusions of immortality. It has been most commonly seen in patients with severe depression. However, now it is thought to be less common possibly due to early institution of treatment in...

Mechanism of Release Of Ovum (OVULATION) - Souti Das  During the 1st 5 months of development, a finite number of primordial follicles form in the fetal ovary, these follicles contain an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells. These primordial follicles arrests at 1st meiotic division till puberty and then they further undergo development and become primary follicles.                                       During the early primary follicular stage, follicular cells are cuboidal and Zona Pellucida appears as a thin band of glycoprotein that separates oocyte and follicular cells. In the late follicular stage, follicular cells proliferate into a stratified epithelium known as Zona Granulosa . During the secondary follicular stage, proteoglycan riched antrum appears in the Grannulosa layer. Cell layers in the Zona Grannulosa increase and thereby Zona Pellucida gets thickened. In this sta...

  CLONING VECTORS AND EXPRESSION VECTORS -Devlina Sarkar What is called a Vector?    In biology, a vector is any vehicle , often a virus or a plasmid that is used to ferry a desired DNA sequence into a host cell as part of a molecular cloning procedure.  What are Cloning vectors? A cloning vector is a vector that propagates the DNA we're interested in, in the organism we've chosen to propagate it in, to get clones of our gene of interest. Elements , a cloning vector must have: 1. Origin of replication - The specific sequence of nucleotide in a DNA, which acts, as the origin of the replication process is known as ORI . The foreign DNA starts replicating along with the host cell when it is integrated or connected to this sequence. 2. Multiple Cloning Sites(MCS) - An MCS contains many unique restriction sites to choose from, so compatible restriction enzymes(such as EcoRI,HinDIII etc) can be used on both the vector and the insert. 3. Selectable Markers- ...