Biology Is Love

 Crabtree effect: The name is given by an English Biochemist Herbert Grace Crabtree.  This effect is referred to as the production of ethanol in aerobic conditions rather than biomass by yeast cells at high external glucose concentrations through the TCA cycle.  This is basically the decrease in the rate of electron transport due to the mass action of the elevated phosphorylation ratio.  Warburg effect: This effect is referred to as an increase in the rate of glucose uptake and the production of lactate in aerobic conditions. The discoverer of this effect,  Warburg hypothesized that this effect is mainly due to the dysfunctional mitochondria, observed in the tumor cells, predominantly found in the cancer developmental cells.  The Crabtree-Warburg effect interprets that the avoidance of a decrease in ATP is observed in those conditions where higher glucose uptake is found than the downstream processing capability of the second phase of the glycolysis. 

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  MTT Assay Principle : The MTT assay provides a readout of cell viability & growth that works by measuring cell metabolic activity. The yellow tetrazolium MTT (3-(4, 5-dimethyl thiazolyl-2)-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) is reduced by the metabolically active cells, by the action of dehydrogenase enzymes, to produce reducing equivalents such as NADH and NADPH. The resulting intracellular purple formazan can be solubilized and quantified by spectrophotometric means at 570nm. MTT is sensitive to light. This assay should be performed in the dark. The MTT assay measures,  cellular metabolic activity as an indicator of cell viability, proliferation and cytotoxicity.

  CLONING VECTORS AND EXPRESSION VECTORS -Devlina Sarkar What is called a Vector?    In biology, a vector is any vehicle , often a virus or a plasmid that is used to ferry a desired DNA sequence into a host cell as part of a molecular cloning procedure.  What are Cloning vectors? A cloning vector is a vector that propagates the DNA we're interested in, in the organism we've chosen to propagate it in, to get clones of our gene of interest. Elements , a cloning vector must have: 1. Origin of replication - The specific sequence of nucleotide in a DNA, which acts, as the origin of the replication process is known as ORI . The foreign DNA starts replicating along with the host cell when it is integrated or connected to this sequence. 2. Multiple Cloning Sites(MCS) - An MCS contains many unique restriction sites to choose from, so compatible restriction enzymes(such as EcoRI,HinDIII etc) can be used on both the vector and the insert. 3. Selectable Markers- ...

  INTRODUCTION TO RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY(RDT) - Devlina Sarkar v What is Recombinant DNA technology ? RDT is a series of procedures that is used to join together (recombine) DNA segments from different organisms and inserting it into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations. v What is called Recombinant DNA ? Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is   m olecules  of  DNA  from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Recombinant DNA in a living organism was first achieved in 1973 by  Herbert Boyer , of the University of California at San Francisco, and  Stanley Cohen , at Stanford University , who used   E. coli  restriction enzymes to insert foreign DNA into plasmids. v What is the basic use of RDT? Using RDT we can get a huge no of copies/clones of a particular gene or DNA(cloning) by usi...