Biology Is Love

  Keto diet: How does this diet work: The establishment of the keto diet is if glucose (the simplest form of carbohydrate as well as the main source of energy in every animal) is deprived, which is gained by consuming carbs. The ketones are a substitution of glucose, which is synthesized from stored fat. Hence, the name is ketogenic. The neurocytes (The brain cells) need glucose approximately 120 grams per day because these cells cannot store glucose. When a person is fasting or consumes very little carbohydrates, at first the body pulls glucose from the liver and muscle glycogen. Glycogen breaks down from the liver and muscle into glucose through glycogenolysis by the influence of the hormone glucagon. During this time the level of insulin gets decreased in the blood. The body starts utilizing fat as its primary fuel. When formed ketone bodies begin to accumulate in the organs as well as in the blood, the condition is called ketosis. Mild ketosis is usually experienced by e...

ACCOMMODATION REFLEX -Souti Das   The process by which the curvature of the lens is increased is called accommodation. It is sometimes referred as near response too, i.e, adjustment of visual apparatus from distant vision to near vision. For this adjustment three changes occur: (i) Constriction of pupils (ii) Increased curvature of the anterior surface of the lens (iii) Convergence of the eyeballs. PATHWAY- Retina ↓ Occipital cortex (area 17) ↓ Association fibres ↓ Frontal eye field (area 8) ↓ Internal capsule ↓ Midbrain ↓ 3rd nerve nucleus of both side (i) Extraocular muscle (medial rectus)      (ii) Parasympathetic pathway ↓ Eye (Pupils + Ciliary body) MECHANISM OF ACCOMMODATION REFLEX- During accommodation, initially, the image is formed behind the retina, which is then focussed sharply on the retina through the following changes- (i) Pupillary constriction occurs due to parasympathetic activity from the Edinger- Westphal nucleus (a part of the 3rd nerve nuc...

BODY TEMPERATURE AND ITS REGULATION WITH SOME CLINICAL CONDITION (FEVER AND HYPOTHERMIA)

  Fibrinolysis Fibrinolysis refers to the process that brings about the dissolution of fibrin. The important component of the fibrinolytic system is plasmin or fibrinolysin, which is present in the blood in an inactive form called plasminogen or profibrinolysin. The fibrinolytic or the so called plasmin system causes lysis of blood clot, allowing slow cleaning of extraneous blood clots in the tissue. It also allows reopening of clotted blood vessels. Especially, it removes minute clots which are formed in many tiny peripheral vessels, which would eventually occlude if there was no plasmin system.

  Periodic Breathing - Souti Das It is a normal variation of breathing found in premature and full term infants. It occurs when the infants pauses their breathing f or more than 10 seconds at a time follo wed by a series of rapid, shallow breaths. Then the breathing returns to normal without any stimulation or intervention. These pauses in breathing may be accompanied by minor oxygen desaturation  and bradycardia .

  Why Oxytocin and Vasopressin called as 'neuro hormone'?      -souti das                            The posterior pitutary secretes two hormone oxytocin and vasopressin(ADH).The hormones are synthesized within the cell bodies of large magnocellular neurons lying in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei (PVN) of the hypothalamus.                            The posterior pituitary hormones are transported in association with specific proteins, called neurophysins , along the axons of the neurons to end in those nerve terminals which lie within the posterior lobe. Prior to secretion, these hormones are stored in secretory granules either in the nerve terminals or in the varicosites called herring bodies . The hormones are secreted in response to nerve impulses originating in the supraoptic and PVN and enter the capill...

  Time Dependent Potentiation of Insulin secretion   Glucose causes time dependent potentiation(TDP) of insulin secretion; that is exposure of islets beta cells to high glucose enhances insulin release in response to the stimulus applied later.

Wolf-Chaikoff Effect It is a reduction in thyroid hormone levels caused by ingestion of a large amount of iodine(more than 2mg/day) which suppresses NADPH oxidase activity as well as NIS & TPO genes expression. Jan Wolff and Isreal Lyon Chaikoff first reported that injection of iodine in rats almost completely inhibited " Organification of iodine " in the thyroid gland by an " Autoregulatory phenomenon ".  The Wolff-Chaikoff effect lasts several days(~10 days), after which it is disappeared by a process known as " Escape Phenomenon " which is described by resumption of normal organification of iodine and normal TPO function.                     The Wolff-Chaikoff effect can be used as a treatment principle against hyperthyroidism by infusion of a large amount of iodine to suppress the thyroi d gland.  By- Souti Das image source- twitter