Biology Is Love

 Process of lactation/lactogenesis - Souti Das To provide milk to neonates, at the end of pregnancy around the time when the young is born, the mammary glands undergo a process that initiates milk secretion, called lactogenesis. The human mammary gland is composed of about 20 lobes, each with an excretory lactiferous duct that opens at the nipple. Loves, in turn, are composed of several lobules, which contains secretory structures called alveoli, and the terminal portions of the ducts. The epithelia of the alveoli and ducts are composed of apical luminal ductal or alveolar cells and a myoepithelial cell layer on the basal side of the epithelium. Myoepithelial cells are stellate, smooth muscle-like cells, and contraction of these cells in response to oxytocin expel milk from the lumina of the alveoli and ducts. Source: White and Porterfield  4th Edition     Lactogenesis has two main phases. The initiation phase (Lactogenesis I) is characterized by increased expression of some milk pr

ASTRAZENECA - A HOPE FOR COVID 19 VACCINE - Souti Das  ASTRAZENECA Do you know that it is not the name of the vaccine ; it is the company sponsored behind the vaccine design. Okay let‟s get into this. The company was founded in 1999 (6th April 1999) through the merger of the Swedish Astra AB (formed in mid 1890s) and the British Zeneca (formed in 1993) Group. Current CEO-   Pascal Soriot (1st Oct 2012- present)  Chairperson-   Leif Johansson Today, AstraZeneca is working actively over 100 different countries and employs over 57,200 people – 46% in Europe, 31% in the Americas and 23% in Asia-Pacific. Its mission is “ to make a meaningful difference to patient health through great medicines that bring benefit for patients and add value for our stakeholders and society ”  In 2010 AstraZeneca realized the market need that they should make bold changes to increase „success factor‟ by in-depth R&D result. As a result, they launched the „5R framework‟, which based upon quality over qua

COTARD'S SYNDROME (COTARD'S DELUSION) - Eishika Das Figure 1  History:  Named after Jules Cotard (1840-1889), a Parisian neurologist, psychiatrist, and surgeon who received his medical doctorate in 1868 from the University of Paris and worked at the Hospice de la Salpétriére under Jean Martin Charcot. In June 1880, he described a report of Mademoiselle X, a 43 years woman who believed she had no brain, no nerves, no chest, no stomach, no intestine and was nothing more than a decomposing body. As she could not die a natural death, and that she did not need food, for she was eternal and would live forever. What the disease is?  Cotard's syndrome is a rare neuropsychiatric condition characterized by anxious melancholia, delusions of non-existence concerning one's own body to the extent of delusions of immortality. It has been most commonly seen in patients with severe depression. However, now it is thought to be less common possibly due to early institution of treatment in

Mechanism of Release Of Ovum (OVULATION) - Souti Das  During the 1st 5 months of development, a finite number of primordial follicles form in the fetal ovary, these follicles contain an oocyte surrounded by follicular cells. These primordial follicles arrests at 1st meiotic division till puberty and then they further undergo development and become primary follicles.                                       During the early primary follicular stage, follicular cells are cuboidal and Zona Pellucida appears as a thin band of glycoprotein that separates oocyte and follicular cells. In the late follicular stage, follicular cells proliferate into a stratified epithelium known as Zona Granulosa . During the secondary follicular stage, proteoglycan riched antrum appears in the Grannulosa layer. Cell layers in the Zona Grannulosa increase and thereby Zona Pellucida gets thickened. In this stage theca cells appear outside the follicles, those contain enzymes for androgen formation from cholester

  CLONING VECTORS AND EXPRESSION VECTORS -Devlina Sarkar What is called a Vector?    In biology, a vector is any vehicle , often a virus or a plasmid that is used to ferry a desired DNA sequence into a host cell as part of a molecular cloning procedure.  What are Cloning vectors? A cloning vector is a vector that propagates the DNA we're interested in, in the organism we've chosen to propagate it in, to get clones of our gene of interest. Elements , a cloning vector must have: 1. Origin of replication - The specific sequence of nucleotide in a DNA, which acts, as the origin of the replication process is known as ORI . The foreign DNA starts replicating along with the host cell when it is integrated or connected to this sequence. 2. Multiple Cloning Sites(MCS) - An MCS contains many unique restriction sites to choose from, so compatible restriction enzymes(such as EcoRI,HinDIII etc) can be used on both the vector and the insert. 3. Selectable Markers-    The cloning

  INTRODUCTION TO RECOMBINANT DNA TECHNOLOGY(RDT) - Devlina Sarkar v What is Recombinant DNA technology ? RDT is a series of procedures that is used to join together (recombine) DNA segments from different organisms and inserting it into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations. v What is called Recombinant DNA ? Recombinant DNA (rDNA) is   m olecules  of  DNA  from two different species that are inserted into a host organism to produce new genetic combinations that are of value to science, medicine, agriculture, and industry. Recombinant DNA in a living organism was first achieved in 1973 by  Herbert Boyer , of the University of California at San Francisco, and  Stanley Cohen , at Stanford University , who used   E. coli  restriction enzymes to insert foreign DNA into plasmids. v What is the basic use of RDT? Using RDT we can get a huge no of copies/clones of a particular gene or DNA(cloning) by using cloning vectors or we can produce our desired protein inside